English Literature- Lamb to the Slaughter

Lamb to the slaughter -Roald Dahl     By P. Baburaj, Senior Lecturer, Dept. of English, Sherubtse college, Bhutan Author of: Language and writing, DSB Publication Thimphu Communicative English, P. K. Books, Calicut A perception on Literary Criticism, P. K. Books, Calicut     Black comedy/blackhumour -is concerned with the humorous treatment of the shocking, horrific and macabre. Black comedy is actually a form of drama which displays a marked disillusionment and cynicism.It shows human beings without conviction with little hope, regulated by fate or fortune or comprehensible powers. In fact, human beings in an ‘absurd’ predicament at its darkest, such comedy is pervaded by a kind of sour despair; we can’t do anything. So we may as well laugh. The wit is mordant and the humor sardonic. Dramatic irony When the audience understands the implication and meaning of a situation on stage, or what is being said, but the characters do not. Example-Oedipus does not r ealize his crime. Sir Peter Tezel (in school for scandal) does not know his wife is behind the screen when he is talking about Joseph Surface.Symbols. ? The ‘warm’ and ‘clean’ attic indicates the desire for normal domestic pattern. ? The ‘curtain drawn’- shows a calm atmosphere that foreshadowing of hidden subconscious desires that are yet to surface in the form of murderous action. ? Two lamps alight- point to Mary and Patrick. ? Fresh ice cubes in the thermos points to coldness and heat. Ice is cold and thermos brings heat to the mind. Contemporary story. ? Story tells of how a pregnant woman when faced with the certainty of her husband leaving her, takes control of her situation. ? Powerful woman protagonist -breaking away from the stereotypical role of a woman. Packed with suspense and humor. ? Fast-paced action. ? ? ? ? ? ? Third person omniscient narrative. Conventional and straight forward language. Role reversals- reversal of Maryâ€⠄¢ the merry innocent docile wife to a cruel murderer Dramatic irony, A type of situational irony. A best example of a black comedy. . . Contrasting what a character perceives and what the audience and one or more of the characters know to be true. Revenge, deception and ethics are some of the issues that one could explore in this story. Theme- love- betrayal, revenge and deception. Mary Maloney a victim and a villain. A faithful, docile pregnant wife who gets cheated. Story of? Married and a romantic couple. ? Maloney’s unexplained decision to leave his wife†¦.. ? Violation of the marriage law(deception) ? Mary’s killing of her husband and her ultimate deception ? ? ? ? ? ? Setting-Maloney’s drawing room -Entire room of the house. -Sam’s grocery shop (short scene). ? Lamb is a Biblical Symbol of innocence/ symbol of peace, but here a powerful weapon of murder. ? So lamb symbolizes here violence, death and revenge- topsy-turvy to its conventional bib lical concept. By P. Baburaj, Senior Lecturer, Dept. of English, Sherubtse college, Bhutan *********************************

Is marriage an outdated tradition Essay

Is Marriage an Outdated Tradition? In this essay I will be explaining whether marriage Is an outdated tradition along with my opinion and the ones of Christians. In my oplnlon I believe that No, marriage Is the same strong, important connection it was 100 years ago. The difference is the people who enter into it, and the way society no longer supports the couples who choose it. We’ve become a â€Å"need It now† society and are ready to discard whatever doesn’t give us Instant happiness. Divorce has become so acceptable that couples go Into arriage with the plan to divorce If they aren’t satisfied (prenup) as compared to the people in our past who believed marriage was forever and were motivated to keep working at the relationship and to make it work. Today couples are ready to give up as soon as it’s not fun or the sex becomes dull. The other part of the problem Is society’s lack of support for marriage. The UK benefit system Is too lenient towards those who choose to have children without being married therefore helping them with housing, childcare, schooling and food. The rest f the family before would be providing emotional support and pressure for the couple to work at the relationship, now it’s more looked at it as being only their problem and not a problem for the people around them. Today we’re more concerned about an individual’s right to personal happiness than to supporting responsible or ethical behaviour-I believe a person’s happiness Is extremely Important but people’s morals and ethics are what make them happy. I also believe the idea that something that’s worth having is worth fighting for, having omething a long time, the pride of working at something, at pushing through the hard stuff to be able to stand back and look with pride at having made something great, is gone. The Christians of the Catholic Church teach prohibition of premarital sex along with the rejection of homosexual marriage, abortion and contraception but also the acceptance of everyone and equality but while all those are very Important none is what makes the bond of marriage stick. It happens when two people who are free to marry and are physically and emotionally capable of marriage give themselves o each other, understanding that marriage means being open to life and commitment and to faithful love till death.

Conflict English Essay

ESSAY PLAN CONFLICT – SHOULD I PURCHASE A 1940'S GENUINE MINK FUR COAT OR NOT? Opening para – browsing Ebay, personal dilemma over ethics, state below my personal argue for and against purchase and wear of said coat FOR animal is dead – (dead over 70 yrs), not slaughtered for me, mink farms don't exist any more, can't save them now * timeless and classic piece – should be enjoyed so wear it, take care of it, piece of history * cost effective purchase from ebay – have to go abroad to get this item (eastern europe), cost of shipping, worry, uncertainty, purchase not protect like on ebay * it's recycling – why destroy piece of art, left in dusty warehouse, eat by vermin, so enjoy craftsmanship, coat hand crafted, many hours work * can't buy something like this today – source abroad for similar * warm and luxurious – eskimos wear real fur, we don't get that type of weather, feels second to none, quality, depth, finish which is rarel y seen nowadays * statement piece – unique, never a coat like this, proud and honoured to wear it, exquisite AGAINST ethically wrong – slaughter for cosmetic is barbaric, educated people shouldn't wear it * target for activist – eg, tin of paint thrown at a woman * may encourage other to wear real fur – could in increase market interest eg stoles, hats etc, may lead to a ‘black market' trade * may be smelly – real fur has a certain smell, stinks when wet, rains a lot in UK, wet dog (yuk) * only an occasion piece – not worn daily, kept locked away, no max enjoyment, scared to wear it * conclusion – didn't buy, would feel uncomfortable in myself, dearly loved to own a piece of history, conscience won't allow, olden days this garment was common not now, made and worn in an era where there were no animal rights activist, can't take a life to adorn ourselves, it's a selfish and barbaric act to wear one. QUESTION GCSE LEVEL (GRADED A* ) The web host of a creative writing website approaches you to submit some writing for it. This month’s theme is â€Å"Conflict†. You have complete freedom in your choice of form, but are asked not to make what you submit longer than 1,000 words. Write your piece for the website. CONFLICT â€Å"Should I purchase a 1940’s genuine mink fur coat or not? † Recently I was browsing ‘eBay’ on the internet looking for a winter coat when I came across the above. I bid for the item and then began a personal dilemma over the ethics of whether or not I should own a coat such as this.Below is my own personal argument as to whether or not I should indeed purchase and wear a real fur coat. Argument for purchase * The animal is dead; in fact it has been dead for over 70 years. The mink has not been slaughtered for my pleasure alone and mink farms no longer exist in this country. No matter what I do, I cannot save it now. * It is a timeless and classical garm ent and should be enjoyed. The only way to do this is to wear it, take care of the item and treasure the fact that I own a piece of history. * It is recycling – what is the point of destroying a beautiful piece of ‘art’. Do you leave the coat in a dusty warehouse to be eaten by rats or mice, or do you enjoy the craftsmanship and work of art?These coats were hand crafted and took many, many hours/weeks to complete. * It would be very cost effective to purchase a fur coat from eBay. If I were serious about purchasing real fur, I would probably have to go abroad, say Eastern Europe, to source such an item. Then there is the cost of shipping and also the worry of buying from an unknown source. I may not be protected in my purchase like I will be with eBay. * I will never find a garment like this in a shop nowadays. Again, I would have to source the item most likely abroad and there are too many uncertainties. * It will be warm and feel luxurious to the touch. Eskimos wear real fur to eep themselves warm and although England doesn’t experience weather such as theirs, it will still keep the chill at bay. Also the feel of real fur is second to none. It has quality, depth and a finish on the garment that is rarely seen on mass produced items that are manufactured today. * It is a statement piece, and unique, there will never be another coat like this, ever and I would feel proud and honoured to wear such a garment as exquisite as this. Argument against purchase * It is ethically wrong. Slaughtering animal for cosmetic purposed is barbaric and as an educated individual I do not stand for much by wearing such a garment. * I may become a target for activist.For example, I once read in the newspapers that a woman who was wearing a real fur coat had a tin of paint thrown over her. * It may encourage others to wear real fur and this in turn could create a market for garments such as real fur stoles, hats, jackets etc. It may even create a ‘b lack market’ for real fur items. * I believe real fur has a certain ‘smell’ to it, made particularly prominent when wet. I do not like the idea of being caught in the rain wearing the coat only to find I smell like a wet dog. Also it rains all the time in England! * It would be an occasion piece. I would certainly not wear it daily, therefore would I get maximum enjoyment out of it? Would I be in fear of wearing it? Would it end up just sat in the wardrobe?Therefore, in conclusion to my personal conflict, I decided not go through with the purchase. I felt I would not be comfortable, in myself, wearing this coat. I would have dearly loved to have owned this piece of history, but my conscience would not allow it. In times gone by, garments of this nature were common place amongst the wealthy and in an era where animal rights activist were virtually unheard of; real fur coats were not an issue. Nowadays, many of us consider ourselves equal to animals and that we sho uld not take their lives just to adorn our own bodies. In my opinion, this would indeed be considered a selfish and barbaric act. (707 words)

Project Specification Summary Statistics Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Specification Summary - Statistics Project Example gh the formation of groups in Facebook and twitter aimed at knowing exactly how many coffee lovers, there are, as well as knowing the extent of the dependence of coffee among consumers (Food Manufacturing, 2013). The survey was conducted among 221 respondents using random sampling techniques. The information presented consists of a combination of secondary data from online sources as well as data collected from the survey. The data were compiled over a span of one month (Food Manufacturing, 2013). Over 60% of people invited to the Facebook group accepted the request, so overall; the response rate was 60%. The respondents were asked a series of questions that helped in the formulation of an accurate conclusion. The questions included: The first question sought to establish the number of the respondents who were coffee consumers. Also, the respondents were required to indicate their age and gender. The respondents were to either respond by saying they liked coffee or did not like coffee. Below is a summary table of the results (Food Manufacturing, 2013). The graph below displays the differences in preference between the ages, with the age ranges being generalised to specific ages to represent the three age ranges. The vertical axis represents the number of respondents. The table clearly shows that 165 of the respondents are consumers of coffee, which constitutes about 74.93% of all the respondents. 66% were young people between the age of 18 and 22 years, 20% were between the age of 22 and 39 years and only 14% were above the age of 40 years. The results go in line with the statistics from the National Coffee Association 2013 survey that reveals over 83% of adults drink coffee in the USA (Food Manufacturing, 2013). The second question sought to investigate the preferences of the different ages ranging from youths to adults. The majority of the younger respondents preferred espresso-based beverages whereas the older respondents preferred the tradition gourmet

Social and Community Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Social and Community Entrepreneurship - Essay Example Social entrepreneurs look to market products to meet the human needs as much as possible, distinguish themselves from other social venture players by doing real things. The importance of social entrepreneurs is called by their ability to be relentlessly focused on influence and society’s changes and implementations of innovations that would help to build platforms for many people in order to enable them to think about positive impact on the global move (Osberg and Martin, 2007). The purpose of study of social entrepreneurship is to suggest factors associated with changes and how societies renew themselves. It will investigate the role of social entrepreneurs, challenges and pathway that made them move into social entrepreneurship. Since, the potential of social entrepreneurship is beyond human thought, the concrete example of such man, as the founder of Toms Company will be investigated and its nature and social impact will be studied. A concept of social entrepreneurship is already a widespread thing, according to the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM Global Report, 2014). The GEM network conducted a global survey on the adoption of social entrepreneurship among forty-nine countries. The results showed an more than one adult in forty participants were already involved into some social entrepreneurship activity (see Appendix A). In modern time, more companies become social entrepreneurs to be able to puzzle upon such social issues as increasing college enrollment rate for students with low-income and fighting with poverty by using numerous innovative nonprofits, social-purpose ventures and hybrid organizations to generate social value for the society (Noruzi, Westover and Rahimi, 2010). Wealth creation is a part of entrepreneurship, but is not the end in itself. What is more important, it is the promotion of social change that sees the opportunities to improve systems, create solutions and develop new approache s for creation of social value (see

End of the course reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

End of the course reflection - Essay Example However, the writing skills develop with time. In writing, we consider the purpose, audience, and rhetorical strategies for any writing process. Indeed, my writing has improved with time where I have manifested fundamental changes in my method of writing. Initially, writing proved a difficult task for me since I could not understand different writing topics and develop an idea for writing. Moreover, my writing manifested numerous grammatical errors, poor formatting, incoherence, and lack of logical flow. Nevertheless, I have perfected my writing after a continued practice. Indeed, writing is a learning process that has enabled me to improve my writing skills. As I advanced in my course, I made significant adjustments in my writing practice to address the professional audience that involved my tutors and fellow students. Moreover, the need to present professional messages and address particular aspects in my course forced me to adjust my writing. As such, my writing became more objective, focused and professional. The changes in my writing style altered my grammar, introduction, rhetoric strategies, and diction that enhance professionalism in my works. As a result, my writing was able to convince my colleagues and met the course standards. I have developed immense love in writing about different topics. Initially, I wrote for fun and followed no procedures since I lacked a professional audience. I have learned to go through the subject before starting to write about a particular topic. The process has enabled me to understand what I am writing about with the aim of convincing my audience and addressing all the course aspects. I also write and revise a draft after understanding the writing concept that helps me to eliminate irrelevance and grammatical errors in my writing. I have also learned the need to proofread my work before submitting that

Is our planet in trouble Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Is our planet in trouble - Essay Example Diamandis does acknowledge that the world does indeed face numerous challenges; however, advancements in technology by virtue of Moore’s Law, increase in the number of people entering into the Internet and increased funding of innovation by techno-philanthropists are some of the factors that will lead to the development of solutions to these global challenges. The arguments raised by Gilding and Diamandis have their merits and demerits. Gilding looks at situation from a more conservative perspective and uses pessimism or more rightly fear to push us towards incorporating environmental sustainability in all our endeavors. Diamandis on the other hand is more liberal and uses optimism or opportunities to push us towards seeking innovative solutions to facing our current global challenges. Ultimately, though, we do agree with Gilding that we have to incorporate environmental sustainability in all our endeavors. The unarguable fact is humanity does need what nature provides (â€Å"Footprint Basics - Overview†). We do need resources derived from nature to build the technology needed to face our global challenges. So, yes, technology can save us from ecological overshoot however we do need the ecology first in order to build the

UK LAW problem question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

UK LAW problem question - Essay Example where a charging authority serve notice under regulation 13(6) that they do not accept that a ground on which representations were made under that regulation has been established, the person making those representations may appeal to an adjudicator against the charging authoritys decision before  -   Held: that regulation 16(2) permitted an adjudicator to direct the cancellation of a penalty charge notice where the recipient had failed to establish one of the grounds specified in regulation 13(3)(a) to (f) but there were other reasons for mitigating the penalty or totally relieving the recipient of the penalty. 1. Under the Road User Charging (Enforcement and Adjudication) (London) Regulations 2001,while applying the relevant grounds under reg. 13 Mr. Vere may be able to plead that due to his extenuating circumstances (daughter’s ill health etc) no penalty charge should be payable by him (reg.13(c)) or that the amount that he has been charged exceeds the amount applicable in the circumstances of the case( reg. 13 (e).However it seems that he has a better chance of making this a case of mitigating circumstances under reg.13(c). Nevertheless as the facts of the case indicate he has infact done this without any success and the TFL has already rejected his representations as to his mitigating circumstances. 2. In such a case Regulation 16 will preside and allow his appeal to be heard by an adjudicator. This provision provides a flexible way out from the stringent TFL Regulations and case law suggests that the office of the adjudicator has used his authority in the past to direct the cancellation of a penalty charge notice even where the appellant failed to establish any of the grounds under 13(3).The position for Mr. Vere is not quite clear here though as he has been refused the mandate to represent his daughter’s ill health as a ground

Research Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Research Methods - Essay Example A key figure in business organization is a leader. His or her role and significance in the modern market society can not be underestimated. Developed countries spend vast resources on training professional managers. This problem is especially acute for many countries, which have very limited experience in training managers with the leadership skills in a market economy. Its solution depends on developing the right ideas about what qualities should be possessed by any leader working under modern conditions. The main objective of work boils down to, to learn the concepts and essence of leadership, to analyze the relationship between supervisor and subordinates, and make recommendations for the improvement of the organization efficiency on the whole. Implementation of the function of leadership must always entail changes and renewal. If any organization wants to survive and succeed in its business, then, on the analogy with people, it must adapt to environmental conditions and change al ong with them. Leaders are the first people, implementing innovations in their organization’s business. There are always people, individuals and whole groups, who fear to lose-something as a result of change. The last cause tensions, even in such cases, when it is obvious, that such changes are overdue and necessary. Without leadership any organization becomes detached from life, losing its ground, becoming less popular and effective. Leadership involves the process of social impact. The emphasis on "group" was and remains common to leadership theories and research in this area. This level of analysis refers to the micro level of organizational behavior and leadership studies. Business organization and, especially, organizational culture, in this case is rarely included in the scope of scientific interests. In this connection, study of problems of organizational leadership takes its particular relevance through the prism of an entrepreneurial culture under modern conditions. The extent of the given problem, relations between the leadership and team and the root causes of this universal social phenomenon were interesting for both thinkers of antiquity and modern times: Socrates, Aristotle, Machiavelli, and Kant. Analysis of business organizations as socio-cultural phenomenon dates back to the tradition of Max Weber, Talcott Parsons, K. Levin, F. O. Selznick, and especially Charles Barnard and H. Simon (the latter largely foreshadowed the notion of "organizational ethics", the main features of the "organizational culture" category). The very introduction of the term "organizational culture ", as part of the business culture, and its detailed study dates back to the late 70-ies of XX century. G. Hofshtede (2000) conducted the most comprehensive study in the area of establishment and functioning of the enterprise culture and its typology. The models of the organizational culture influence on the functioning and management of the organization were suggested by V. Sate, T. Peters and R. Waterman, R. Quinn, J. Rohrbach, R. De George, J. Burns. The new aspects of leadership analysis were labeled in trade organizations in

Reference Letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reference Letter - Essay Example skills, that she is able to work under pressure, she is able to work independently, she is a team member, and she has good communication skills to work with her colleagues and with the customers. She demonstrated that she is able to solve problems that may arise with the customers to obtain positive results and customer satisfaction. Her duties involved but not limited to: filing, entering data in our database, and assisted other officers in carrying out departmental duties. She was always eager to assist others in their tasks and made suggestions when difficulties arose. She has not only an interest in learning in the accounting field but she is also eager to help as a volunteer. She demonstrated as an Intern in our company that she is capable of fulfilling her tasks in a graceful manner. Her desires to continuously learn are good assets which are part of her personality, to be able to continue her studies as a graduate student in Accounting at your university. I wholeheartedly recommend Ms. _______ (complete name) to continue her graduate degree at the University of Toronto as she will be an asset to your institution and an asset to the accounting field. Should you have any questions concerning Ms. ________ (complete name) please feel free to contact me at your earliest convenience I will be happy to answer any questions. I hope that Ms. ________ (last name) gives me the good news that she will be attending the University of Toronto as a graduate accounting

Why are so many high school students dropping out before graduation Essay - 1

Why are so many high school students dropping out before graduation - Essay Example The organization aims at encouraging teenagers to explore their potential, through weekly national campaigns, to bring about social change (â€Å"11 Facts About Dropping Out†). In this competitive age spurred by globalization, there is a need to remain relevant. This implies that countries need to ensure they produce competent and productive workers for economic development thus moderated costs of health care and other social services (Monrad). According to Rumberger and Lim, causes of high school dropouts are categorized into individual and institutional perspectives; therefore, the student’s mindset and conduct are among what individual perspective highlights. These factors relate to the individual, and others include school performance, disengagement, and recurrent residential and school mobility. Dropping out of school is viewed as a process instigated by detachment from school. This implies that the student slowly gets swayed away from the idea of school because of reasons such as undertaking adult duties that consist of taking care of siblings, having to get a job that involves long hours and becoming a parent early. The background of the student is the core foundation of the risk factors identified in the institutional perspectives; moreover, background refers to the environment surrounding a student, and it comprises socioeconomic status, dependable figures in his/her life that is single or step parent and the situation at school. The nature of family a student is raised in is quite crucial and entails the structure i.e. who the breadwinner is practices i.e. values and norms, and resources (Rumberger and Lim). The situation at school entails the behavior and attitudes of teachers i.e. do they interact well with the students, nature of administration i.e. rules and regulations, school structure and resources available to students. Rules and regulations that bring about dropouts include Grade Point Average (GPA) minimums, zero-tolerance

Private Security Essay Example for Free

Private Security Essay It seems that the criteria to be eligible for a private security officer post seems to be extensive that need several details of the applicant. Though the basic application requirements appear to be similar in both the book ‘Principles of Security and Crime Prevention’ and the Florida state instruction manual, the amount of information differs in relation to certain key points. Florida State’s requirements seem to be elaborative than that of the book.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Coming to the details, while the minimum age to be eligible for applying is 18 years in both the sources, it is further described as 18 for unarmed and 21 for armed private security officer (Collins, Ricks Meter, 2000, p. 104). Also, submission of address details is mentioned in the requirements of both the sources and it is further clarified in Florida’s manual as residence details of five years (Bronson, 2007). Moreover, the manual indicates that applicant should also furnish details of aliases, if any (Bronson, 2007). Employment details of 5years should be mentioned as per Florida State’s requirements, whereas it is 7 years in the book (Collins et al., 2000, p. 104).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The requirements regarding details of criminal history are almost similar in both the sources, which state that any kind of bad criminal record in the past 7-10 years may jeopardize the chances of the applicant (Bronson, 2007; Collins et al., 2000, p. 104). Moreover, Florida State’s requirements clearly mention a case of denial and a chance of denial of the application (Bronson, 2007). Criminal history related to disrespect towards country, government officials and/or involvement in dealings of controlled substances may result in rejection of the application. Also, Florida State requirements clearly state the need for applicants to submit all related documents in case of a previous conviction and that the verification of the applicant’s criminal record may take 1-3 months duration (Bronson, 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The guidelines related to applicant’s mental fitness are explained more clearly in the Florida requirements. In Collins et al. book, the only point stated is the ineligibility of a person who is declared by the court as incompetent due to some mental disease (2000, p. 105). However, the state’s manual describes various points regarding the furnishing of details related to mental fitness by a candidate who has previously been diagnosed and/or treated for any mental illness and/or addiction (Bronson, 2007). The state manual requires the candidate to submit letters of reference if the candidate has alcohol or drug abuse and rehabilitation history; whereas Collin’s book simply states that the candidates have to undergo a pre-employment drug screen (Bronson, 2007; Collins et al., 2000, p. 104).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Florida state’s criteria are very clear about training of the individual, making it mandatory to complete 40 hours of authorized training (Bronson, 2007). It has given the list of personalities who can be exempted from taking the training. Also, in the Collis et al. book, it is mentioned that a potential candidate for armed post should successfully complete a psychological fitness test (Collins et al., 2000, p. 105). While the state manual highlights the point of citizenship with related details, Collins book mentions about minimal desired education for the applicant (Bronson, 2007; Collins et al., 2000, p. 105). In this way, apart from common points, both the sources have mentioned various requirements and useful points. Florida’s manual even describes about conditions that permit exemptions from certain mandatory procedures. All in all, the Florida State’s manual is a comprehensive source with all instructions for an applicant and the Collins’ book is a useful aid to know basic requirements. References Bronson, C. H. (2007). Application Instructions for Class â€Å"D† Security Officer License and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Chapter 493, Florida Statutes. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Division of Licensing. Retrieved 15 Jan. 2008 from http://licgweb.doacs.state.fl.us/   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   application_instructions/Security_D_ApplicationInstructions.pdf. Collins, P. A., Ricks, T. A., Van Meter C. W. (2000). Principles of Security and Crime   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Prevention (Edi. 4, pp. 1045). Ohio: Anderson.

Role Of Culture In Food And Eating Habits Media Essay

Role Of Culture In Food And Eating Habits Media Essay The importance of food can be attributed to the fact that it is one of the most necessary and significant aspect of human life for its survival and well-being (Asp, 1999). Though the main function of food is to serve as an answer to hunger or physiological reasons, it also facilitates the process of security, status, emotions and influencing behavior (Hart et al., 2002). Food also serves as a symbol of social acceptance, friendliness (Cope, Frewer, Houghton, Rowe, Fisher and de Jonge, 2010). In a study by Mckenzie in 1986, he demonstrated that certain food choices define the level of group acceptance, societal prestige and allegiance. Food has various symbolic meanings attached to it, especially amongst Indian societies like cultural identity, religious functions, economic wealth and status, as well as expression of power (Hill, 2002). Eating and food habits relates to the persons history from the time of birth (MacFarlane, A., Crawford, D., Ball, K., Savige, G., and Worsley, A., 2007). With the cultural symbolism attached to foods, eating habits are usually passed on to children from a very young age, so that they can know what is good for them and what is not (hart, Bishop and Truby, 2002). Also, certain eating habits are related to traditional and familial sentiments and hence become a centric part of a persons life ( Remick, Pliner and Mclean, 2009). The food habits define a persons personality based on that persons traditional and cultural pattern (Barclay, Gilbertson, Marsh and Smart, 2010). The role of acculturation in food choices amongst international students Acculturation can be defined as process in which there is cultural and psychological change as a result of interaction between two different cultures (Sam and Berry, 2010). Present day researchers view acculturation as an on-going process which does not end by the dominant culture absorbing the traits of the minority (dela Cruz, Padilla and Agustin, 2000). According to different theoretical framework of acculturation, it is believed that over time the behavior, attitudes and habits of the immigrant population will get molded to portray the population that they have entered (Berry, Phinney, Sam and Vedder, 2006). The migrants step foot into the new culture with certain pre-formed assumption and their process of adjustment is characterized by the presence of essential elements of their culture as well as some of the new culture (Landrine and Klonoff, 2004). The process of acculturation related to food and eating habits is rather complex, usually involving a transitory phase between traditional habits and symbols to the ones related to the new culture (Unger et al., 2004). The immigrants food and eating behavior is influenced due to the differences in the types of food available and the change is usually brought about by modifying or substituting the diet (dela Cruz, Padilla and Agustin, 2000). Factors ranging from eating patterns, food selection and preparation, traditional beliefs of the immigrants, which can be influenced due to ethnicity, length of stay, socio-economic status, knowledge and skills, bring to light the varying levels of acculturation (Barry, 2001). Also, the change in the eating habits of the immigrants can be traced as early as the post First World War era, when people started moving to and from different parts of the world (Escobar and Vega, 2000). These group of immigrants took with them their traditional eating hab its, even established their own shops and restaurants, in the new culture, but the pressure of change faced by them eventually resulted in them having to alter their traditional ways of diet (Gans, 1997). Renowned anthropologist, Sidney Mintz (1994) argues about the change in traditional habits which was due to a shift from core-fringe-legume-pattern to those which have excess sugars and fats. He says that due to the presence of certain food options easily accessible than other, the immigrant groups find themselves taking those options like that of Coca-Cola. There have been some studies done on the effect of immigration on the dietary changes of these groups. These studies found that in certain groups, food habits formed the last aspect to undergo change while in a few there was a large degree of change that happened fast (Schmidt, 2005). In a study by Lundkvist et al., (2010), they talk about immigrants in European countries trying new foods during the early years of their stay, however a complete change in eating habits is not seen until late. There was a gradual change in the eating habits of these groups over years. In another separate study by Jallinoja et al., (2010) showed the degrees of variation in which these immigrant groups take up dietary changes and that in turn affecting their health. Also, it said that the varying degrees of acculturation usually differ with age, with the younger people more susceptible to change quicker than older ones. Conevey and ODwyer (2009) reported in their study about the varied popularity of specific foods amongst different ethnic groups. They found that chicken was popular amongst people of Indian ethnic origin in the United Kingdom. The difference was not much in nutritional value but in the levels of spices and flavorings, methods of cooking and accompanying dishes. Also, they pointed out a gradual decrease over time in this groups consumption of raw fruits and vegetables because of food safety issues. These studies bring to light the fact that acculturation of the immigrant groups depends on their cultural values, which can result in a gradual or rapid change. Acculturation studies on Indian students There are about 428, 225 international students in the United Kingdom and 39,090 students out of which are of Indian origin (UKCISA, 2011). India is the second most number of students coming in this country, only behind China (UKCISA, 2011). These Indian students come here to study in the colleges and universities. The immigration of the Indian students have picked up over the past 10 years, with a steady growth of 1.5% seen every year (UKCISA, 2011). In a study done by Hill (2002) on the food and eating habits of Asian students, reported that a large proportion of them gradually changed from being vegetarians to non-vegetarians over a period of five years post immigration. He also found that those students who stay for longer were more likely to undergo acculturation than those who are exposed to the new culture for a shorter duration. Fjellstrom (2004) reported that the acculturation of dietary habits in Asian students in the United Kingdom was evident from modification of food patterns, changing over to non-vegetarians from vegetarians as well their preference traditional or new cuisines Harvey et al., studied the relation between the length of stay in the United Kingdom and the food habits amongst Indian students. They found that those students who had been here for less than 2 years preferred non-traditional foods and those who have been living longer reported eating their traditional food more often. It was also seen that Asian students in the United Kingdom prefer to have traditional diet in social gatherings with other Asian students, where as the non-traditional foods formed a part of their typical daily diet (Mestdag, 2005). These above mentioned studies offer and insight towards the significant impact of acculturation towards food habits amongst Asian students. However, there have been very little research thus far on the food habits of Indian students in the United Kingdom. Role of culture in Food and Eating habits Nutrition, appetite, cultural and social context are seen as important factors affecting food and health choices (Locher, Yeols,Maurer and can Ellis, 2005).cultural representations is one of the main factors that is associated with food habits, which gets expressed in the type of food preferred by the groups(Seigworth, 2000). These cultural representations have been shown to determine the food, their handling and processing into acceptable and those that are not (Delind, 2006). McGinnis (1999) in his study talked about impact the culture-specific perceptions of food and eating habits on acculturation. Murcott (1982) had examined the British perception towards food, which suggested the way in which this affected dietary changes. She reported the difference in the symbolic nature of meals, i.e. cooked or proper meal, wherein a proper meal was characterized by consisting of meat and two kinds of vegetables, without any accompanying sides. She said that to the British women it signified the most important meal of the day, essential to be healthy and that it is be taken at home, thereby to light the meanings and ideas related to food and healthy habits. Hill (2012) reported in his study that people attached different cultural reasons to their food habits. He said that food habits can relate to a number of reasons ranging from nutrition, maintain social status, dealing with stress and tension, influencing behaviors and religious expressions. There is also separate belief that even though peoples food habits is largely individualistic, there is a degree of association to the cultural beliefs of what is acceptable and which are not (Barreiro-Hurlà ©, J., Gracia, A., and de  Magistris, T., 2010). In a separate story, Rozin (2005) mentions different determinants for food behavior and that culture and beliefs was one of them. He also said that cultural patterns was related to certain environmental conditions like geographical conditions, food availability and that social patterns were related to the support structure around in the form of friends and family. The food and eating habits of immigrations student showed an attachment towards transitional diet patterns, which served as psychological support during acculturations (Durant, 2011). Qualitative and Quantitative research have been used to understand food and eating habits, with quantitative research including linear measures to assess change and qualitative research used to understand peoples perceptions and attitudes (Bonnekessen, 2010). It was seen in qualitative study that female students tend to categorize foods into healthy and un-healthy ones, with the unhealthy option signifying the cause of increase in weight, depression, independence and the healthy options to indicate well-being, familial connections (Michels and Wolk, 2002). It has been seen that the food habits of Indian students are affected by various factors like culture, economic status, attitudes and knowledge and that are different based on the region, caste and socio-economic status (Guthman, 2008). Also in the context of Indian cultural beliefs, food is often considered as a source of pleasure and happiness and cooking as an important aspect of daily life (Brunner, Horst and Seigrist, 2010). F ood always has played an important part in the Indian culture, with eating and food habits dominating a major part of the life (Murcott, 2000). The Indian cuisine involves a complex process of preparation with consideration towards flavor, taste, color and spice contents, which epitomizes the Indian way of eating; and its way of preparation and enjoyment makes it a unique food culture (Edwards, Meiselman, Ragunathan and Lesher, 2003). One of the most important part of an Indian diet is rice, which is essential and important in their daily diet (Mckevith, 2004). A meal in the Indian culture symbolizes the occasion of family togetherness, where the whole family including the relatives and friends come together, making it an important sociable event (Christakis, 2010). The traditional daily meal usually would consist of the breakfast, lunch and dinner, wherein, the dinner forms the most important meal of the day (Meiselman, 2008). These presents a picture in which one can assume that acculturation and changing food habits for Indian students in the United Kingdom would be a difficult process, considering the cultural values and the knowledge and attitudes. Research has also shown that dietary changes can also be resultant of certain food availability, prices, peer pressure and new types of food (Benson et al., 2008). In order to study the acculturation amongst Indian students in Leeds Metropolitan University, the Food Patterning model (Mishra et al., 2006) and Trends theory (Berghofer, 2005). The Food Patterning model states that changes in diet is a two way process, one which persuades an individual to continue with the traditional form of diet and other opposing that state (Mishra et al., 2006). This model illustrates the association of foods to different cultural context, wherein the change in food habits runs parallel to an expanse between identity and taste as its end markers. According to Mishra et al. (2006), the process of meal composition by an immigrant involves a mix of traits of traditional foods along with those from the new culture, thereby indicating an effort to strike a balance between traditional identity and new taste. Also, they believed that even though the immigrants primarily donot change their traditional diet pattern, however it is not the same as before they came here. Berghofer (2005) in his study pertaining to acculturation process in immigration students, talks about two specific trends that are used by the students to understand dietary changes. One of which, termed as the secular trend involves understanding the change process as beneficial towards better western diet however, the other trend, termed as victims of progress trend, says that the change to westernized diet is not beneficial. However, as mentioned by Berghofer, the distinction between the advantages and disadvantages are more complicated and the study of acculturation rarely points out specifically to the benefits or shortcomings. These theories and models bring about certain interesting perspective about the acculturation process of the Indian students. In a study, it was seen that the immigrant students adopted new British foods like sweets, cakes while avoiding meats, beef (De Castro, 2009). In a separate study, it was reported that the male students lack of cooking skills due to the fact of not having cooked in India was one of the factors leading to change in food and eating habits (Shetty, 2010). Also, it showed that the increased Westernization of the diet amongst Indian students is seen as one of the factors for higher risk from chronic diseases like obesity, diabetes, heart disease (Shetty, 2010). So, based on these studies, one can argue that if these students fall on the Berghofers (2005) Victims of progress trend, as the change in dietary habits has been seen to lead to deterioration of their health status. These provided an useful insight in the acculturation process of the Indian students in Leeds Metropolitan University, considering the involvement of a wide variety of factors.

Reflection On Residential Workshop And Positive Interrelationships Nursing Essay

Reflection On Residential Workshop And Positive Interrelationships Nursing Essay Recently I attended a 7 day residential workshop at Findhorn Foundation in Scotland. The two middle aged co-leaders were very experienced in running this workshop, but had never worked together before. Ineka was Dutch and Annis was from the UK. The twelve participants from varying professional backgrounds were of various ages from mid twenties to mid 60s, from all over the world and with several using English as their second language. Although clearly stated in the application form, this was NOT a therapy group however three people had slipped through the screening process and arrived with diagnosed mental illnesses. Two were on medication but the third, Barbara, was not. The higher the level of an individuals psychological pathology e.g. depression, anger, anxiety the less able he or she is to develop and maintain caring and enriching relationships (Johnson Johnson 2009). This was my second visit to Findhorn, the earlier visit being 34 years ago. The purpose of the workshop was to introduce the members to the work of the Community, a World Heritage Eco Village and a spiritual community which runs many human development courses in its college every year. There was a second purpose of which I was unaware to experience and work through a wide range of emotions to increase positive interrelations. I was strangely obtuse about this second purpose and concentrated only on the first. Entitativity is the perception that a group is cohesive with members bonded together. The stronger the joint goals, shared outcomes, interpsersonal bonds, the greater the apparent entitativity of a group (Welbourne, 1999). Our group had incomplete entitativity, I for one feeling detached throughout. The leaders appeared unaware of the dislike many participants had for Annis, who frequently exhibited unnecessary controlling behaviours. Her autocratic style of leadership was rejected, while Inekas equally autocratic style was acceptable because she was a more agreeable, more authentic person. This conflict was not brought into the open, instead being discussed within subgroups, during recreational times. Anniss controlling behaviour impacted on the groups cohesion; there was entitativity amongst the group AGAINST Annis. We found a bond in our mutual rejection of her though that bond, for me, was not sufficient to make me feel part of the group for many reasons. Socializing outside the group can increase the groups cohesion but we divided along age lines. I couldnt get interested in the younger ones, their beliefs, interests and stories. Counterproductive socializing did not happen, nobody feeling excluded from cliques. One detrimental aspect of our group was our refusing to challenge one another for fear of jeopardizing newly forming friendships, and relying on the group as the source of our current social life. We were a long way from home, in an unknown setting, and needed each other for emotional security. Communication was autonomous rather than allonomous in its style of interaction. We talked directly to each other, rather than via the leaders. There was much praising, supporting and offering of help from us all. We all took care to understand and be understood by those who did not speak English well even when this required considerable effort. Gibb, 1961, established that evaluation, superiority, certainty and control produce defensive communication. There was a defensive reaction to Anniss control and certainty. There was evaluation and superiority expressed by participants, but mostly the leaders, against the non-Findhorn world. We were enlightened insiders educating and influencing the ignorant outer world. These attitudes I rejected, which impacted on my commitment to the group. Much respect for each other and each others contributions to the group efforts were articulated. The more accepting and supportive participants were of each other, the more likely they were to reveal ideas, feelings and reactions. The more trustworthy our groups response to such disclosures, the deeper and more personal the thoughts a participant will share (Johnson et al, 2009). We had revelations of bisexuality, of partnering with a paedophile, of terror at failing to cope with motherhood, of being overwhelmed with the exposure of self revelation. Clearly the group was achieving its goals for some of us, but not for me. I revealed more than I ever have before, but my core emotional wounds I kept hidden. I was astonished by such revelations and wanted to rescue those in distress, lacking any other response to such pain. Corey, Corey Corey, (2010) explains that if someone finds it too difficult to witness anothers pain, the supportive individual attempts to offer pseudo support rather than a genuine expression of concern, and empathy. I felt helpless the first time Barbara howled with pain. I postulate that there may also be pseudo pain. The second time Barbara lay in foetal position and screamed in agony, I was astonished to see her sit back on her chair calmly, well satisfied with the attention she received. The third time she performed I felt a little exploited. Thus I remained an outside observer, wondering if I should feel guilty for not being more empathetic. Power may be directly or indirectly expressed through group norms and values. Norms are agreed modes of conduct and belief that guide the behaviour of group members (Johnson et al, 2009). Our group obeyed the direct power exercised by the leaders. We were also systematically educated in the norms expected of us by the Findhorn Community. This was done in discussion and by the leaders modelling expected behaviours. At one point Annis gave us a lecture on the rules of group sharing sessions, the only time I thought she was directly criticising us and I didnt agree with those rules, wanting to give feedback to the person who had just shared but this was not allowed. Sharing was to be received in silence. The first time Barbara broken into howls of anguish, and shared a nightmarish experience she had had while on a group nature walk, she concluded with Now I feel foolish. I believed she should have been reassured that we had not found her behaviour foolish. I too felt ridiculous after co mpleting a task to show a side of me that others havent seen yet and I demonstrated my three year old self having a tantrum. I needed feedback. I was aware that energy is tied up in withholding feeling. When released, people typically reported terrific physical and emotional relief called catharsis. Barbara appeared not to. While expressing emotions may be culturally inappropriate in some situations it was not at Findhorn but later I questioned whether she actually was experiencing the healing of catharsis. Catharsis alone is limited in regard to producing long-term change. Barbara needed to understand her experience by putting into words those intense emotions but this was forbidden by our group norm which made discussion taboo (Corey et al, 2010). Every individual and group uses a mixture of learning styles, namely experience, reflection, conceptualisation and active experimentation (King Kiely, 2004). Our programme used all these adult learning styles in its varied tasks. We played games, danced, walked in Nature, meditated, listened to lectures, drew, made collages, sang, watched films plus much more. However the programme used mainly structured rather than unstructured exercises, which King Kiely (2004) claim is predominantly used for psycho-educational groups. As our leaders were very experienced they had developed their own toolkit of creative exercises though one participant began to cry during the first mornings session of encounter games designed to bond the group and I felt uncomfortable, and quite disgruntled, at having to take part in these role plays as they were outside my expectations. They were too physical, too unpredictable, for me to feel safe in the group at this stage. Our group had no procedures to seek out dissenting opinions. Group think is the collective striving for unanimity so that there is no appraisal of alternatives. There is lack of reality testing, a weakening of rationality, judgemental thinking and the ignoring of inconsistent external information. Groupthink censors discussion of disagreements or arguments (Quinn Schlenker, 2002). Our group felt strong pressure to agree with one another, and failed to engage in effective discussion. If the leaders believe in members capacities to make important personal changes participants may consequently see the group as a valuable conduit to personal growth. If the leaders listen non-defensively and communicate that they value members subjective experience, members are likely to see the power in active listing. If the leaders are genuinely able to accept others for who they are, participants will learn to accept peoples rights be themselves and be different. Modelling behaviour in groups is one of the most effective ways to teach members how to relate to one another constructively and deeply (Corey et al, 2010). These were our leaders successes, with the exception of Anniss need for too much control. If members feel that they are deeply understood they are more likely to trust that others care about them. A misapprehension of invulnerability, indicated by unjustifiable optimism and too much risk taking was present (Keyton, 2006). The norms of the group meant we were above attack and reproach. One participant, Elka, learned that her lover committed suicide while she was with us, and as a diagnosed depressive herself who had attempted suicide 6 months before, was vulnerable after hearing such news. The leaders offered her no feedback, as per their norms, and welcomed the fact that she opened herself up to this challenge! They stressed that they were not a therapy group but I claimed Findhorn attracted damaged people and its leaders should be trained in crisis management. But there were no contingency plans available for when participants became unstable. Absence of disagreement is the primary cause of groupthink (Courright, 1978). I kept my criticisms to myself in group time but talked about them privately to some participants as similarly did others about Anniss controlling behaviour. Members learn how they function as a person in the world by looking at the patterns they use in the group session (Corey et al, 2010). I protected myself from vulnerability by taking on the role of critical assessor, probing for information, attempting to give advice and paying attention to the dynamics of individuals and the group. Instead of paying attention to how I may be affected in the group, I shifted the focus to others, thus I was left behind as the group developed (Corey et al, 2010). The leaders did not sensitively block this defensive behaviour. They could have pointed out to that I was depriving myself of the maximum benefit from the group by paying more attention to others. Schutz (1958) identifies 4 stages in group development. The first, inclusion, assesses individuals as pondering where they fit in, feeling vulnerable, excited and often fearful. The second stage, control, is the jockeying for leadership, control and power. Who is marginalised, who is threatened, who frustrated with authority problems, who projecting onto the leader? This is where I fitted in, as I became frustrated with the groups unwillingness to express negative thoughts or give personal feedback as per the censoring demands of the leaders. My defensive role of critical observer anchored me to this stage. The third stage, affection, is a time when participants feel a sense of belonging, happiness, love and harmony with each other. The others in the group were able to feel this with each other, but not with Annis. The last stage is termination. Creating an effective group requires an appropriate balance between support and challenge but our group lacked appropriate challenge. Our norms were supportive and several participants used that to take risks but that in-itself was not sufficient. Groups that use confrontation to strip away the defensive behaviour of members often consequently have increasingly defensive interaction. Leaders are best to refrain from highly confrontational involvement until they have developed a trusting relationship with participants. Once interpersonal trust is achieved group members are usually more accepting of challenge (Corey et al, 2010). Theasaurus to here: ie done above. I never gave up the safety of my defensive detachment nor did others in the older sub-group. Resistance is a normal process that can lead to productive exploration in the group. The defensive style may take various forms such as conflict, detachment, distrust or diverting but the underlying fear is of getting close and the vulnerability this implies. The most successful way to deal with difficult behaviours is for the leaders to simply describe to members what they are observing and let the members know how they are affected by what they see and hear. Showing a willingness to understand the members behaviour is the gentlest form of confrontation. Using such a strategy in our group would have been helpful (Corey et al, 2010). When feedback is given honestly and sensitively, members are able to understand the impact they have on others and decide, what, if anything, they want to change about their interpersonal style. Feedback has been associated with increased motivation for change to o (Morran Wilson, 1997). Group leaders need to teach participants how to give and receive feedback. Members are more likely to consider feedback that may be difficult to hear when there is a balance between positive or supportive feedback and corrective or challenging feedback. Members can benefit from both if the feedback is given in a clear, caring and personal way (Morran et al, 1997). Positive feedback should be emphasised during the early stages of the group. However positive and corrective feedback should be balanced during the middle and later stages (Moran et al, 1997). However this did not happen for us. Corrective feedback is more credible, useful and increasingly more accepted by members during the working and ending sages. Leaders need to assist in establishing appropriate norms that encourage the giving and receiving of corrective feedback. (Morran et al, 1997). Our leaders modelled positive feedback but not corrective feedback and the groups success was inhibited accordingly. Our final session involved tasks to put what has occurred in the group into a meaningful perspective and to plan ways to continue applying changes to situations in our daily lives. At this time members need to express what the group experience has meant to them and to state where they intend to go from here. Members need to face the reality of termination and learn how to say good-bye. The potential for learning permanent lessons may be lost if the leader does not provide a structure that helps members review and integrate what they have learned but our leaders did this (Corey et al, 2010). We exchanged email addresses and these emails became a valuable support system, particularly for Elka who returned home to find her lover had killed himself the day before. We all emailed her with our empathy and, in my case, good advice as to seeking help for herself. I remained a rescuer! Assisting members in creating a support system is a good way to help them deal with setbacks and keep focused on what they need to do to accomplish their goals (Corey et al, 2010). There was an evaluation sheet that allowed participants to say what was helpful and what was difficult about the group and ways that the sessions could have been improved. It asked for feedback on the leadership which I didnt give! Even at the very end I remained uncommitted to the group processes. This request for post workshop evaluation was a valid request but not sufficient. Evaluation should have been more frequent, with assessment of the groups needs occurring throughout the programme. Keyton (2006) explains that some members enjoy the group experience so much that they do not want it to end. This was particularly true of our younger members. They felt happiness and pleasure at having had a good group experience, but they also felt sadness and loss that the group was over (Rose, 1989). The final night saw us enjoying a celebratory dinner. Keyton, (2006) claims that celebrating success solidifies individuals connections to the group and helps members gain closure. I found such expressions of sorrow irrelevant, never having moved from the control stage of the group so for me, overall, the group did not achieve its second goal. It was, however, successful in regard to this goal for the younger ones. For us all, the goal of being introduced to aspects of living at Findhorn was achieved. 2726 words.

A Review Of Ralph Elisons Invisible Man :: Ralph Ellison, Invisible Man

Ralph Ellison was born in Oklahoma. From 1933 to 1936 he was educated as a musician at Tuskegee Institute. During that time he traveled to New York and visited Richard Wright, which led him to the first attempts to write fiction. Since that time he became a well-known critic; his articles, reviews and short stories have been published in many national magazines. He won the National Book Award and the Russwurn Award for the Invisible Man. He has taught in many universities such as Bard College (1961), University of Chicago, Rutgers University (1962-1964), and New York University (1970-1980.) He lectured at Library of Congress and University of California. Also he is an author of the Shadow and Act. Reading through the book one can realize that the title of the Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man refers to the personality and insignificance of the main character. It is a realization of what Invisible Man had been all along during his life. He had been nobody. He was only useful to the people around him to the extent that he was able to do what he was ordered. The Brotherhood didn't care for him as an individual, he was only noticed when he was needed. The Invisible Man mistakenly led himself to believe that it is possible to find meaning in his life by believing in Brotherhood's ideology. "The Hero's invisibility is not the matter of being seen, but a refusal to run the risk of his own humanity, which involves guilt. He must assert and achieve his own humanity." "I am an invisible man. No, I am not a spook like those who haunted Edgar Allan Poe†¦. I am invisible, understand, simply because people refuse to see me." In the opening scene of The Invisible Man tells the reader about his physical state, which directly refers to his personality and psychological state as well. He explains to the reader his character, his skepticism toward the world that surrounds him. As a narrator of the book he sets the stage for the following chapters, which describe his life. "And so it is with me. Without light I am not only invisible, but formless as well; and to be unaware of one's form is to live a death. I myself, after existing some twenty years, did not become alive until I discovered I my invisibility." An unfullfilled dream of importance and finding meaning of life can leave a person with a sense of being invisible.

Essay --

Nirav Patel MGMT 390 Final Exam December 18, 2012 1.) Why is the human resources department an important function in any company? What other things do human resources professionals have responsibility for besides managing employee health benefit programs? Give at least 3 other things that they oversee inside a company. a. Human resources department is an important function in any company because people from human resources hire the people in the first place, and this is the one duty they have to do carefully because hiring the hiring an employee for a job is not an easy task. It includes so many other tasks into it such as, hiring them, then evaluating them, making their schedule and so on. Their responsibility includes hiring the perfect employees, responding to employee’s major demands, and to use these employees to finish their goals. These are their major responsibilities. 3 things they oversee inside a company are their employees, complaints, and achievement of the company goals. 2.) Some people have said that an effective marketing strategy makes a buyer feel as if they want to buy a product rather than being sold on a product or idea. What types of things do good marketing managers do to make buyers feel that they want to buy a certain product or service? a. To make buyers feel that they want to buy a certain product or service, a good marketing manager would use strategies such as selling the product at cheaper price than competitor with no sale. They can also use idea of psychological pricing which means that the manager can set the price of the good at price point to make it less expensive. He/she can use target cost strategy, which means you set the price which satisfies customers and investor’s profit. Anot... ...nd of currencies. There are 12 Federal Reserve banks in the United States which is why we don’t need 5 or 6 large banks to manage. The federal bank controls the economy of United States by raising/dropping the interest rates. 7.) If someone said to you that all products should be advertised on the Internet and nowhere else would this be a sound concept? Why would people advertise elsewhere with so many people on line anyway? a. If someone said to me that all products should be advertised on the internet and nowhere, it would sound concept because people this days use the internet all the time. Also, these days people even use their internet to watch TV at home. For example, using veetle, jadoo, and other convertor boxes which use the internet to stream videos and TV channels. So if we broadcast advertises using the internet it would help advertisement business.

Analysis of Political, Economic, Legal and Technological Risks in Indonesia

Analysis of Political, Economic, Legal and Technological Risks in Indonesia By Yohanes Randy Anggoro Student ID: 1004536 Instructor: Mr. Bala Subramaniam N. Module Name: International Trade and Management Module Code: ERCBA-209 Word Counts: 2106 Due Date: 7 November 2012 Content Page Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 Brief Introduction to Indonesia†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 Political Risk†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 Economic Risk†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Legal Risk†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 Technological Risk†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7 Reference List†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8 Introduction Doing or expanding business in Asia nowadays has become a popular trend from companies around the world, many big firms based on Europe and United States of America recently has opened a branch in Asia in order to reach the Asia Market.The main attraction of Asia is the number of population, with approximately 4 million people spread around 5 regions, consist of Northern Asia, Western Asia, South Central Asia, South East Asia, and East Asia (OneWorldNationsOnline, 2012), it is apparent that Asia has become a large growing market that attracts companies around the world. Moreover, other than the large growing market potential it offers, there are other benefits that a firm can get by expanding business in Asia.First of all the labor cost in some less developed Asia Countries, such as Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand, is relatively lower than labor cost in Western Countries, for example, England and United States of America. Secondly, the land cost in Asia, Indonesia in particular is relatively much cheaper than in Western countries. However, despite the benefits that have been mentioned above, there are some risks that need to be known by a firm before deciding to expand business to Asia, Indonesia in particular.The risks itself can be divided by four which are, political risk, economic risk, legal risk, and technological risk. Below, there is an explanation and examination about four of the risks that may arise while expanding business in Indonesia. Brief Introduction to Indonesia Indonesia is a country in South East Asia which consists of approximately 17. 508 islands. The official name of Indonesia is Rep ublic of Indonesia. There are 5 main islands in Indonesia which are Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan or Borneo, Sulawesi and Papua.Geographically, Indonesia is placed between Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean as well. Jakarta is the capital city of Indonesia and is placed in Java Island. The Legal Currency in Indonesia is Indonesia Rupiah. In term of people, Indonesia has approximately 240 million of people with various ethnicities and is the fourth most populated country in the world. The current president of Indonesia is Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. Political Risk According to Deresky (2008) Political Risk is government actions or politically motivated events that can affect a firm in the long terms.Furthermore, Kobrin (1979) states that political risk covers possibility of unwanted consequences created by governmental activity that affect international business. Nationalization, Expropriation and Confiscation, Terrorism, and Macro political and Micro political risk are the example of commonly known political risk events. Nationalization is a governmental action to take over a private asset to be owned and operated by the government. Next is Expropriation, Expropriation is a term to define a process of taking away a private property for a public use.The difference between Expropriation and Nationalization may seem a bit vague, but the intentions for both terms are different. Nationalization is a process to take over a private asset by a government in order to make profits. For example is the nationalization of Netherland Enterprises by Indonesia Government after the independence war. On the contrary, Expropriation only takes private property to be used for public, for example, a government takes over a land of a private house to be used for highway because the public needs a highway to support the transportation around that area.The third is Terrorism, Terrorism as defined by Ruby (2002) and Title 22 of US Code is politically motivated action committed in a violent manne r against common people. And the last is Macro political and Micro political risk, Macro political risk is any governmental action that affects all the multinational companies within the country while micro political risk is the governmental actions which only affects some of multinational companies.Moreover, it is important for a firm to know and manage prevention of any political risk that they may encounter while expanding their business, without doing that matters a company may end up having no profits or even loss their assets while going global. In Indonesia, particular political risk events that a firm likely to encounter when expanding their business are expropriation and terrorism. It is because Indonesia is often considered Less Developed Countries. Moreover, based on Marshall, A. and Magnowski, D. 2010) multinational companies need to give attention on Political issues in Asia such as current tension between China and United States over the value of China currency, the de velopment of crisis which is rising in North Korea, and the border issue between Indonesia and Malaysia. Those issues have possibility to affect Political situation in Indonesia. In order to measure the political risk in a country, there are some methods that can be done by multinational companies. The first method is computer modeling; this method is used by American Can’s Primary Risk Investment Screening Matrix.Using this method a company can predict and simulate the political risk that might happen in expansion target country. The Second method is Ranking Systems, with this method; a company can consult with some political risks expert such as AON, who use analysis tools and experience to help minimizing the political risk. The last method is Early Warning Systems, this method emphasizes on watching early signs of political dangers, such as demonstration, act of violence by the citizen, the atmosphere of political situation to predict the possible political risk in the fu ture.Basically, a multinational company can use four actions to manage the political risk. The first possible action is withdrawing their investment on a country which is likely to have a bad political event. The other way is by sharing their equity with local business. Thirdly, a multinational company can keep the subsidiary and host nation be more dependent on the parent firm by controlling input, market, position and staged contribution. Lastly, a company can use the political risk insurance to ensure their safety from political risk.Additionally, Bribery is often practiced in Indonesia Political Environment which in some way makes the Political Situation in Indonesia become unstable. Economic Risk Economic risk refers to the risk from economy sector that may affect multinational companies to gain profit. Economic risk is vary in different countries, however it can be concluded that Economic risk in Less Developed Countries such as Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand, tend to be higher than in Fully Developed Countries, Britain and United States of America for example.Some common examples for economic risk are the changes in inflation and devaluation of the currency value, foreign investment policies, monetary and fiscal policies. According to A. M Best report the Economic risk in Indonesia is considered moderate due to four factors. Indonesia is ranked as the fourth country with most population in the world, having approximately 240 million people and placed bellow China, India, and United States of America. With that amount of people Indonesia has the opportunity to create a big market for multinational companies.It is also stated that Indonesia’s Economy is considered well balanced in terms of manufacture, service and agriculture. Despite those three terms, Indonesia also has considerable amount of resources such as wood, nickel, gas, oil, textile, and garment in export sector. Nevertheless, Indonesia also has a close trading partnership with Developed C ountries in Asia, Japan, Singapore, South Korea, as well as Developed Country in America, United States of America. Moreover, Indonesia is expected to have economic growth for about 6% in 2012, and 5,9% in 2013 due to healthy domestic investment and consume.The last factor is Indonesia sovereign credit ranking was upgraded to one level below investment grade in 2011. Furthermore, although there are some factors above, Economic Risk in Indonesia is still risky. There are 2 major economic risks that threatening Indonesia’s economy. The first one is the effect of global inflation nowadays. It is worrisome to some extent that the global inflation will badly affect Indonesia economy in the long terms. As a less developed country with highly dependence on export sector, Indonesia is highly vulnerable to be badly affected by the global inflation.Second major risk is the after effect of the global inflation in the future, as the developed countries begin to recover from the global in flation, Indonesia is expected to find difficulties to recover as fast as those developed countries. Additionally, there are four ways that can be done by multinational company to assess economic risk in target country. Multinational company can measure the economic risk by analyzing the country ability to handle its debt. This kind of measurement is often called Quantitative method.Other way is called Qualitative method; this method refers to sending a group of their experts to make a research about one particular country leader and their possible policies in the future. Checklist method is also can be done to asses an economic risk in a country; this method is done using the past events to measure the possibility of economic risks in the future. Nonetheless, a multinational company can use a combination of Qualitative, Quantitative as well as Checklist methods to measure the economic risk.Legal Risk Legal Risk has the same meaning with Regulatory Risk, for Multinational Companies, it refers to potential of losing assets due to some legal or regulatory issues. Legal Risk or Regulatory Risk is often related to the Legal Environment. Legal Environment is the laws that are created and operated by the government to control the business operation. Generally, Legal Environment consists of local laws and legal systems. Local laws usually are varies in different countries, while Legal System is often similar.There are three types of legal systems that are stated by Deresky, H. (2008). It consists of Common Law, Civil Law and Islamic Law. Common Law refers to Old English Law, this kind of law uses the previous cases to determine the punishment for the current cases. In terms of Contract Law for business purposes, Common Law emphasizes on writing the details on the contract to be used as a guide and proof in case of disagreement in the future. The other law is Civil Law. Civil Law is a law that is originated from Roman law and often used in modern western countries.Civ il Law emphasizes the defendant to prove their innocent. In term of Contract Law, Common Law affirms that promises can be enforced without the need to specify the details in the contract. The last type of legal system is Islamic Law, Islamic Law is a law based on Islam Religion, and this kind of law is often used in Islamic Country. Moreover, Indonesia has its own law. Indonesia Law is originally created based on Civil Law and some customization from the Dutch who used to rule Indonesia in the past.Aside from the Legal Environment, there are some other regulatory issues such as, protectionist policies, tax systems and the level of government involvement in the economic and regulatory environment. Indonesia protectionist policies such as tariffs and quotas are vary, and often changed by the government which indicates that government involvement in the regulatory and economic sector is considerably high. Nonetheless, Indonesia charges 25% of the income to be paid for the tax, accordin g to taxrates. cc.This percentage is considered high, compared to Singapore, Indonesia’s neighbor country which taxes foreign corporate for only 17% of the income. Technological Risk Technological Risk is a term that refers to the potential risk to lose assets due to technological sector. Two major issues in technological risk are to protect its own technology to not be copied by its competitors and to provide the capable operator and capable environment to use the technology. Technological risk may be a concern for multinational company in Indonesia; they may find difficulties to find highly skilled employees there.However, labor cost in Indonesia is relatively cheaper compared to labor costs in western countries. Furthermore, it is possible to create a trademark or a copyright for Indonesia. Nevertheless, it must be noticed that there are many counterfeit products in Indonesia, and it seems that Indonesia Government has lack of motivation to capture and punish the producer and the seller of those products as well. Conclusion In the conclusion, Indonesia has offered a great opportunity for Multinational Company to expand their business there.With the constant growing market, cheap cost of labor, and the raw resources, in my opinion, it is promising for multinational company to expand their business to Indonesia. However, the potential risks in Indonesia, especially in Political and Economic sectors must be considered carefully. Nevertheless, if a multinational company manages to overcome the four risks, which are political risk, economic risk, legal risk, technological risk in Indonesia, it is obvious that particular company can gain a lot of profits from Indonesia.Reference List A. M. Best Company, Inc. (2012). AMB Country Risk Report (n. d. ). Available at : www3. ambest. com/ratings/cr/reports/Indonesia. pdf (Accessed on 1 November 2012) Deresky, H (2008), International Management – Managing Across Borders & Cultures, 6th ed, Pearson Internat ional Edition, Pearson Prentice Hall. Kobrin, S. (1979). Political risk: A review and reconsideration. Journal of International Business Studies, 10(1), 67-80. Marshall, A. & Magnowski, D. (2010). Key Political Risks to watch in Asia in 2011. Reuters. online] Available at : http://in. reuters. com/article/2010/12/21/idINIndia-53707220101221 (Accessed on 31 October 2012) One World Nation Online, 2012. World Population by Continents. [online] Available at : http://www. nationsonline. org/oneworld/world_population. htm (Accessed on 31 October 2012) Ruby, C. L. (2002). The definition of terrorism. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 2(1), 9-14. TaxRates. cc (2012). Indonesia Tax Rate. [online] Available at : http://www. taxrates. cc/html/indonesia-tax-rates. html (Accessed on 1 November Analysis of Political, Economic, Legal and Technological Risks in Indonesia Analysis of Political, Economic, Legal and Technological Risks in Indonesia By Yohanes Randy Anggoro Student ID: 1004536 Instructor: Mr. Bala Subramaniam N. Module Name: International Trade and Management Module Code: ERCBA-209 Word Counts: 2106 Due Date: 7 November 2012 Content Page Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 Brief Introduction to Indonesia†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 Political Risk†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 Economic Risk†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Legal Risk†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 Technological Risk†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7 Reference List†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8 Introduction Doing or expanding business in Asia nowadays has become a popular trend from companies around the world, many big firms based on Europe and United States of America recently has opened a branch in Asia in order to reach the Asia Market.The main attraction of Asia is the number of population, with approximately 4 million people spread around 5 regions, consist of Northern Asia, Western Asia, South Central Asia, South East Asia, and East Asia (OneWorldNationsOnline, 2012), it is apparent that Asia has become a large growing market that attracts companies around the world. Moreover, other than the large growing market potential it offers, there are other benefits that a firm can get by expanding business in Asia.First of all the labor cost in some less developed Asia Countries, such as Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand, is relatively lower than labor cost in Western Countries, for example, England and United States of America. Secondly, the land cost in Asia, Indonesia in particular is relatively much cheaper than in Western countries. However, despite the benefits that have been mentioned above, there are some risks that need to be known by a firm before deciding to expand business to Asia, Indonesia in particular.The risks itself can be divided by four which are, political risk, economic risk, legal risk, and technological risk. Below, there is an explanation and examination about four of the risks that may arise while expanding business in Indonesia. Brief Introduction to Indonesia Indonesia is a country in South East Asia which consists of approximately 17. 508 islands. The official name of Indonesia is Rep ublic of Indonesia. There are 5 main islands in Indonesia which are Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan or Borneo, Sulawesi and Papua.Geographically, Indonesia is placed between Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean as well. Jakarta is the capital city of Indonesia and is placed in Java Island. The Legal Currency in Indonesia is Indonesia Rupiah. In term of people, Indonesia has approximately 240 million of people with various ethnicities and is the fourth most populated country in the world. The current president of Indonesia is Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. Political Risk According to Deresky (2008) Political Risk is government actions or politically motivated events that can affect a firm in the long terms.Furthermore, Kobrin (1979) states that political risk covers possibility of unwanted consequences created by governmental activity that affect international business. Nationalization, Expropriation and Confiscation, Terrorism, and Macro political and Micro political risk are the example of commonly known political risk events. Nationalization is a governmental action to take over a private asset to be owned and operated by the government. Next is Expropriation, Expropriation is a term to define a process of taking away a private property for a public use.The difference between Expropriation and Nationalization may seem a bit vague, but the intentions for both terms are different. Nationalization is a process to take over a private asset by a government in order to make profits. For example is the nationalization of Netherland Enterprises by Indonesia Government after the independence war. On the contrary, Expropriation only takes private property to be used for public, for example, a government takes over a land of a private house to be used for highway because the public needs a highway to support the transportation around that area.The third is Terrorism, Terrorism as defined by Ruby (2002) and Title 22 of US Code is politically motivated action committed in a violent manne r against common people. And the last is Macro political and Micro political risk, Macro political risk is any governmental action that affects all the multinational companies within the country while micro political risk is the governmental actions which only affects some of multinational companies.Moreover, it is important for a firm to know and manage prevention of any political risk that they may encounter while expanding their business, without doing that matters a company may end up having no profits or even loss their assets while going global. In Indonesia, particular political risk events that a firm likely to encounter when expanding their business are expropriation and terrorism. It is because Indonesia is often considered Less Developed Countries. Moreover, based on Marshall, A. and Magnowski, D. 2010) multinational companies need to give attention on Political issues in Asia such as current tension between China and United States over the value of China currency, the de velopment of crisis which is rising in North Korea, and the border issue between Indonesia and Malaysia. Those issues have possibility to affect Political situation in Indonesia. In order to measure the political risk in a country, there are some methods that can be done by multinational companies. The first method is computer modeling; this method is used by American Can’s Primary Risk Investment Screening Matrix.Using this method a company can predict and simulate the political risk that might happen in expansion target country. The Second method is Ranking Systems, with this method; a company can consult with some political risks expert such as AON, who use analysis tools and experience to help minimizing the political risk. The last method is Early Warning Systems, this method emphasizes on watching early signs of political dangers, such as demonstration, act of violence by the citizen, the atmosphere of political situation to predict the possible political risk in the fu ture.Basically, a multinational company can use four actions to manage the political risk. The first possible action is withdrawing their investment on a country which is likely to have a bad political event. The other way is by sharing their equity with local business. Thirdly, a multinational company can keep the subsidiary and host nation be more dependent on the parent firm by controlling input, market, position and staged contribution. Lastly, a company can use the political risk insurance to ensure their safety from political risk.Additionally, Bribery is often practiced in Indonesia Political Environment which in some way makes the Political Situation in Indonesia become unstable. Economic Risk Economic risk refers to the risk from economy sector that may affect multinational companies to gain profit. Economic risk is vary in different countries, however it can be concluded that Economic risk in Less Developed Countries such as Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand, tend to be higher than in Fully Developed Countries, Britain and United States of America for example.Some common examples for economic risk are the changes in inflation and devaluation of the currency value, foreign investment policies, monetary and fiscal policies. According to A. M Best report the Economic risk in Indonesia is considered moderate due to four factors. Indonesia is ranked as the fourth country with most population in the world, having approximately 240 million people and placed bellow China, India, and United States of America. With that amount of people Indonesia has the opportunity to create a big market for multinational companies.It is also stated that Indonesia’s Economy is considered well balanced in terms of manufacture, service and agriculture. Despite those three terms, Indonesia also has considerable amount of resources such as wood, nickel, gas, oil, textile, and garment in export sector. Nevertheless, Indonesia also has a close trading partnership with Developed C ountries in Asia, Japan, Singapore, South Korea, as well as Developed Country in America, United States of America. Moreover, Indonesia is expected to have economic growth for about 6% in 2012, and 5,9% in 2013 due to healthy domestic investment and consume.The last factor is Indonesia sovereign credit ranking was upgraded to one level below investment grade in 2011. Furthermore, although there are some factors above, Economic Risk in Indonesia is still risky. There are 2 major economic risks that threatening Indonesia’s economy. The first one is the effect of global inflation nowadays. It is worrisome to some extent that the global inflation will badly affect Indonesia economy in the long terms. As a less developed country with highly dependence on export sector, Indonesia is highly vulnerable to be badly affected by the global inflation.Second major risk is the after effect of the global inflation in the future, as the developed countries begin to recover from the global in flation, Indonesia is expected to find difficulties to recover as fast as those developed countries. Additionally, there are four ways that can be done by multinational company to assess economic risk in target country. Multinational company can measure the economic risk by analyzing the country ability to handle its debt. This kind of measurement is often called Quantitative method.Other way is called Qualitative method; this method refers to sending a group of their experts to make a research about one particular country leader and their possible policies in the future. Checklist method is also can be done to asses an economic risk in a country; this method is done using the past events to measure the possibility of economic risks in the future. Nonetheless, a multinational company can use a combination of Qualitative, Quantitative as well as Checklist methods to measure the economic risk.Legal Risk Legal Risk has the same meaning with Regulatory Risk, for Multinational Companies, it refers to potential of losing assets due to some legal or regulatory issues. Legal Risk or Regulatory Risk is often related to the Legal Environment. Legal Environment is the laws that are created and operated by the government to control the business operation. Generally, Legal Environment consists of local laws and legal systems. Local laws usually are varies in different countries, while Legal System is often similar.There are three types of legal systems that are stated by Deresky, H. (2008). It consists of Common Law, Civil Law and Islamic Law. Common Law refers to Old English Law, this kind of law uses the previous cases to determine the punishment for the current cases. In terms of Contract Law for business purposes, Common Law emphasizes on writing the details on the contract to be used as a guide and proof in case of disagreement in the future. The other law is Civil Law. Civil Law is a law that is originated from Roman law and often used in modern western countries.Civ il Law emphasizes the defendant to prove their innocent. In term of Contract Law, Common Law affirms that promises can be enforced without the need to specify the details in the contract. The last type of legal system is Islamic Law, Islamic Law is a law based on Islam Religion, and this kind of law is often used in Islamic Country. Moreover, Indonesia has its own law. Indonesia Law is originally created based on Civil Law and some customization from the Dutch who used to rule Indonesia in the past.Aside from the Legal Environment, there are some other regulatory issues such as, protectionist policies, tax systems and the level of government involvement in the economic and regulatory environment. Indonesia protectionist policies such as tariffs and quotas are vary, and often changed by the government which indicates that government involvement in the regulatory and economic sector is considerably high. Nonetheless, Indonesia charges 25% of the income to be paid for the tax, accordin g to taxrates. cc.This percentage is considered high, compared to Singapore, Indonesia’s neighbor country which taxes foreign corporate for only 17% of the income. Technological Risk Technological Risk is a term that refers to the potential risk to lose assets due to technological sector. Two major issues in technological risk are to protect its own technology to not be copied by its competitors and to provide the capable operator and capable environment to use the technology. Technological risk may be a concern for multinational company in Indonesia; they may find difficulties to find highly skilled employees there.However, labor cost in Indonesia is relatively cheaper compared to labor costs in western countries. Furthermore, it is possible to create a trademark or a copyright for Indonesia. Nevertheless, it must be noticed that there are many counterfeit products in Indonesia, and it seems that Indonesia Government has lack of motivation to capture and punish the producer and the seller of those products as well. Conclusion In the conclusion, Indonesia has offered a great opportunity for Multinational Company to expand their business there.With the constant growing market, cheap cost of labor, and the raw resources, in my opinion, it is promising for multinational company to expand their business to Indonesia. However, the potential risks in Indonesia, especially in Political and Economic sectors must be considered carefully. Nevertheless, if a multinational company manages to overcome the four risks, which are political risk, economic risk, legal risk, technological risk in Indonesia, it is obvious that particular company can gain a lot of profits from Indonesia.Reference List A. M. Best Company, Inc. (2012). AMB Country Risk Report (n. d. ). Available at : www3. ambest. com/ratings/cr/reports/Indonesia. pdf (Accessed on 1 November 2012) Deresky, H (2008), International Management – Managing Across Borders & Cultures, 6th ed, Pearson Internat ional Edition, Pearson Prentice Hall. Kobrin, S. (1979). Political risk: A review and reconsideration. Journal of International Business Studies, 10(1), 67-80. Marshall, A. & Magnowski, D. (2010). Key Political Risks to watch in Asia in 2011. Reuters. online] Available at : http://in. reuters. com/article/2010/12/21/idINIndia-53707220101221 (Accessed on 31 October 2012) One World Nation Online, 2012. World Population by Continents. [online] Available at : http://www. nationsonline. org/oneworld/world_population. htm (Accessed on 31 October 2012) Ruby, C. L. (2002). The definition of terrorism. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 2(1), 9-14. TaxRates. cc (2012). Indonesia Tax Rate. [online] Available at : http://www. taxrates. cc/html/indonesia-tax-rates. html (Accessed on 1 November